The sentences quoted in this table are maximums only and are not reflective of sentences given in the majority of drug offences, for more guidance on this issue please go to our section on sentencing. Please note that not all controlled substances are listed in this table - a comprehensive list is available from the Home Office. Trafficking offences refer to all supply offences including conspiracy or attempt to supply; production offences and offences involving importation and exportation. Consult Release or a solicitor for information on substances not covered in the table.
Amphetamines are class B, schedule 2 drugs. It is illegal to possess them without a prescription or to supply or produce them without a licence. If prepared for injection they become class A substances.
Possession of class B drugs carries a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry maximum sentences of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Possession of class A drugs carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and/a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Anabolic steroids are class C, schedule 4(ii) drugs. Possession is lawful as long as the drug is for personal use. Anabolic steroids can also be imported or exported for personal use where a person physically carries out that importation or exportation.
Unauthorised supply or production is an offence and carries a maximum of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Benzodiazepines are class C drugs. Some benzodiazepines belong to schedule 3 and some belong to schedule 4(1). Possession without a prescription, or supply or production without a licence, is illegal.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Supply or production carries a maximum sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Buprenorphine is a class C, schedule 3 drug. Possession is illegal without prescription and carries a maximum sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Illegal supply or production carries a maximum sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Piperazines (including BZP and TFMPP) are Class C, Schedule 1 drugs. It is illegal to possess, supply or prescribe them.
Possession of Class C drugs carries a maximum sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class C drugs carry a maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment and a fine.
Cannabis is a class B, schedule 1 drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce this drug. Special police guidelines exist in relation to arrest for possession of cannabis. (Cannabis was reclassified to a Class B drug in January 2009.)
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
New guidelines were issued by the Association of Chief Police Officers (‘ACPO’) in response to the reclassification of cannabis to a Class B drug (published 28 January 2009). The guidelines advise police officers to take an 'escalating' approach to the policing of cannabis possession. It outlines three possible responses for officers to take where they believe they have found an individual in possession of cannabis for personal use:
Cannabis Warnings: A person found in possession of cannabis for the first time can receive a cannabis warning if there are no aggravating factors (please see below). Where a police officer decides to proceed with a cannabis warning the individual should be warned that:
Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND): Where someone has already received a cannabis warning and is again caught in possession, then the police have the discretion to issue an on the spot fine ('PND') for £80.00. If the PND is paid within 21 days no further action will be taken and no criminal record will exist. A PND can be challenged, and if challenged will result in criminal proceedings at the Magistrates Court. Failure to pay will result in a fine for the original penalty plus 50% (£120) being registered against the defendant at their local Magistrates’ Court. A person has a right to refuse a PND but this will probably result in arrest.
Arrest: An individual who has received a cannabis warning and a PND and is caught again for cannabis possession should be arrested and taken to the police station. At this point, and depending on the circumstances, either the matter will be dealt with by way of charge, caution or no further action (including the possibility of issuing a further cannabis warning or a PND).
If a person is caught in possession of cannabis and there is one or more aggravating condition present then they may be arrested. The following are considered to be aggravating conditions:
If caught in possession of a small amount of cannabis for personal use AND you have never received either a cannabis warning or a PND and where none of the aggravating conditions are present AND the police deal with the matter either by issuing a caution or charging, legal advice should be sought by contacting Release.
The above guidelines apply to adults only. Those aged 17 or under will be dealt with under the Final Warning Scheme i.e. they will receive either a reprimand or a warning or they may face prosecution. The guidelines do state that arrest is not necessary in all cases involving young people and where possible they should be taken home to their parents/ guardians - where this occurs action can be taken at a later date.
Cocaine is a class A, schedule 2 drug. Possession without a prescription is illegal. It is illegal to supply or produce cocaine.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Supply or production carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Codeine is a class B, schedule 2 drug. If prepared for injection it becomes a class A substance. It is illegal to possess without prescription or to supply or produce without a licence.
Illegal possession carries a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Possession of class A drugs carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and/a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a Class A, Schedule 1 drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or prescribe.
Possession of Class A drugs carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class A drugs carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Ecstasy is a class A, schedule 1 drug. Possession, supply and production offences are illegal.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and/a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
GHB is a class C, schedule 4(1) drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce this drug.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Any fungus which contains psilocin is a class A, schedule 1 drug.
Possession carries a maximum of 7 years imprisonment and/or fine. Supply of mushrooms carries a maximum of life imprisonment and/or fine.
No offence is committed if the fungus is growing naturally without being cultivated, and if it has not been picked.
Heroin is a class A, schedule 2 drug. It is illegal to possess without a prescription, or to supply or produce without a licence.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Khat is a class C, schedule 1 drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce this drug.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Police officers will take a special 'escalating' approach to the policing of khat possession. There are three possible responses for officers to take where they believe they have found an individual in possession of khat for personal use:
Khat Warnings
A person found in possession of khat for the first time can receive a khat warning. Where a police officer decides to proceed with a khat warning the individual should be warned that:
Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND)
Where someone has already received a khat warning and is again caught in possession, then the police have the discretion to issue an on the spot fine ('PND') for £60.00. If the PND is paid within 21 days no further action will be taken and no criminal record will exist. A PND can be challenged, and if challenged will result in criminal proceedings at the Magistrates Court. Failure to pay will result in a fine for the original penalty plus 50% (£90) being registered against the defendant at their local Magistrates’ Court. A person has a right to refuse a PND but this will probably result in arrest.
Arrest
An individual who has received a khat warning and a PND and is caught again for khat possession should be arrested and taken to the police station. At this point, and depending on the circumstances, either the matter will be dealt with by way of charge, caution or no further action (including the possibility of issuing a further cannabis warning or a PND).
Ketamine is a class B, schedule 4(1) drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce this drug.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment and/or fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment and a fine.
LSD is a class A, schedule 1 drug. Possession, supply and production of LSD are offences.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Mephedrone is a class B drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce this drug.
Possession of the drug could result in up to 5 years' imprisonment and a fine, supply offences in up to 14 years' imprisonment and a fine.
Methadone is a class A, schedule 2 drug. It is illegal to possess without a prescription, or to supply or produce without a licence.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Methoxetamine is a Class B, Schedule 1 drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce.
Possession of Class B drugs carry a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class B drugs carry a maximum sentence of 14 year’s imprisonment and a fine.
This is a class A, schedule 2 drug. It is an offence to possess, supply or produce.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and/or fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Methylone is a class B drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce this drug.
Possession of the drug could result in up to 5 years' imprisonment, supply offences in up to 14 years' imprisonment.
Morphine is a class A, schedule 2 drug. It is illegal to possess without a prescription, or to supply or produce without a licence.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Naphyrone (and the related drugs NRG-1 and NRG-3) is a Class B, Schedule 1 drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce.
Possession of Class B drugs carry a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class B drugs carry a maximum sentence of 14 year’s imprisonment and a fine.
Please see our guide on the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.
This is a class A drug. In its raw form it is a schedule 1 drug but in a medicinal form it is schedule 2. It is an offence to possess, supply or produce.
Possession carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and/a fine. Trafficking offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) are Class A, Schedule 1 drugs. They are illegal to possess, supply or produce.
Possession of Class A drugs carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class A drugs carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
Subutex is a Class C, Schedule 3 drug. It is illegal to possess, supply or produce it.
Possession of Class C drugs carries a maximum sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class C drugs carry a maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment and a fine.
Please see our guide on the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 which is now the legislation that deals with solvents and gases.
The law around synthetic cannabinoids is complicated. Some substances belonging to this group are controlled as Class B Schedule 1 substances and as such it is illegal to possess, supply or produce.
Possession of Class B drugs carry a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class B drugs carry a maximum sentence of 14 year’s imprisonment and a fine.
Not all synthetic cannabinoids are controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Producers of this group of drugs have altered the chemical structure so that newer products on the market fall out of the scope of the legislation. In order to address this situation the UK Government passed the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. This new legislation, which came into force on 26 May 2016, creates the following offences in relation to new psychoactive substances: importation including for personal use; exportation; supply; and production. The maximum sentence for these activities is seven years in prison. Possession is not an offence under the legislation but possession in a custodial setting, e.g. prison, is an offence attracting a maximum of two years imprisonment. Please see our guide on the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 for a more detailed analysis of the law.
2C drugs (including 2C-B) are Class A, Schedule 1 drugs. They are illegal to possess, supply and produce.
Possession of Class A drugs carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class A drugs carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
5-MeO-DMT (not to be confused with DMT) is a Class A, Schedule 1 drug. It is illegal to possess, supply and produce.
Possession of Class A drugs carries a maximum sentence of 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Possession with intent to supply, trafficking offences and production of Class A drugs carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a fine.
The remaining drugs that fall within the 5-MeO group are not controlled under the Misuse of Drugs ACT 1971. They fall within the category of 'new psychoactive substances' ('NPS'). In order to address the issue of NPS the UK Government passed the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. This new legislation, which came into force on 26 May 2016, creates the following offences in relation to NPS: importation including for personal use; exportation; supply; and production. The maximum sentence for these activities is seven years in prison. Possession is not an offence under the legislation but possession in a custodial setting, e.g. prison, is an offence attracting a maximum of two years imprisonment. Please see our guide on the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 for a more detailed analysis of the law.
Below is a brief list of some of the more widely-known narcotics and opioids drugs:
Opioid abuse, addiction, and overdose are considered serious public health concerns in the United States. Here we’ll provide more detail about some of the more commonly discussed prescription painkillers and illicit narcotic drugs.
For years, opium was a widely-used drug derived from the crude botanical extract extruded from the opium poppy plant. With minimal processing, opium consisted of a mixture of naturally-occurring opiate alkaloids—substances that serve as the building blocks for the synthesis of many modern opioid drugs. Opium was sometimes distributed as a liquid or solid, but most commonly encountered as a brownish powder, according to the DEA. Opium was most commonly smoked but could also be pressed into pill form or dissolved into a tincture or other solution for oral use or injection.
The opioid alkaloids contained in opium extracts (e.g., codeine, morphine, thebaine) are used to synthesize many prescription narcotics (like morphine, codeine, oxycodone, etc.). Heroin is also made from raw materials obtained from the opium poppy plant. Opium is not as common a drug of abuse in the United States as other opioids are, and outside of limited use as an anti-diarrheal agent, has no medical use in its traditional form.
An illegal, semi-synthetic opiate, heroin is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, as it has no approved medical uses and a high potential for abuse and addiction. Opioids like heroin dull pain but can also impair cognition, increase sedation, and slow certain autonomic functions such as those that control respiratory rate. Heroin may be distributed as a brown or white powder or a sticky black substance called “black tar heroin.” The drug can be snorted, smoked, or injected. Heroin creates an intense and rapid “high” or “rush,” and individuals often cycle between an awake and unconscious state, called being “on the nod.”
More than 400,000 Americans reported past-month heroin use on the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The CDC reports that heroin use is increasing across most demographics in the US in recent years.
As prescription opioids become costlier and less accessible, individuals may be opting for cheaper options like heroin. The CDC reports that three out of four people who initiate heroin use began by abusing a prescription opioid, close to half of those who use heroin are addicted to prescription opioids, and nine out of 10 also abuse another drug.
Overdose is a major risk of abuse. The rate of heroin overdose deaths increased by nearly 20 percent from 2015 to 2016, and close to 15,500 people died from drug overdoses involving heroin in 2016. Heroin overdose symptoms may include markedly constricted pupils, difficulties breathing, respiratory arrest, stupor, sluggish movements, confusion, clammy and cold skin, slow heart rate and low blood pressure, a bluish tinge to the nails and lips, and a potential loss of consciousness. Heroin overdose is a medical emergency; if an overdose is suspected, call 911 immediately.
ASAM reports that more than 600,000 people battled heroin addiction in 2015. Heroin and other opioid drugs increase dopamine activity in the brain. This surge in dopamine accompanies the burst of pleasure that is associated with opioid use and strongly reinforces continued, compulsive use of these drugs.
One of the most popular and arguably one of the most controversial drugs in recent history, OxyContin is an extended-release formulation of oxycodone that has made more than $35 billion in sales for Purdue Pharma since it burst onto the market with aggressive marketing strategies in 1995, Forbes reports. Purdue has paid out millions for its alleged role in the opioid addiction epidemic currently sweeping across America.
OxyContin and other opioids containing oxycodone are effective painkillers for moderate to severe pain; however, they can quickly lead to the development of physical dependence and addiction with regular use or abuse. In its various formulations, oxycodone is dispensed as both immediate and extended-release tablets intended for oral use. Oxycodone is also available in several combination formulations that include analgesic pain relievers such as acetaminophen and aspirin.
Oxycodone is a Schedule II controlled substance, which means that it does have accepted medical use; however, it is also commonly abused for its mind-altering effects and can also lead to addiction. OxyContin and other oxycodone products contain a black-box warning regarding their high diversion, abuse, dependence, addiction, and overdose potential.
People may crush, grind, or dissolve oxycodone tablets in an attempt to bypass those with an extended-release mechanism prior to snorting, smoking, or injecting the drug. This greatly increases the odds for overdose as the full dose intended for a timed release is delivered much more quickly. Oxycodone is one of the most prescribed prescription pain relievers and also one of the most common drugs involved in prescription opioid overdose fatalities.
In 2007, OxyContin was reformulated to make it more abuse-deterrent. When crushed, the result is now a gooey substance that is more difficult to abuse. Even so, the drug can still be abused by swallowing and taking higher doses at one time. The Pharmaceutical Journal reports that while the reformulation of OxyContin did decrease abuse rates, individuals may be turning to the illicit drug heroin as a replacement.
Hydrocodone is the top-prescribed and most regularly diverted and abused opioid drug, according to the DEA. Americans consume around 99 percent of the world’s supply of hydrocodone, which became more tightly regulated in 2014. Hydrocodone and its many combination products are now classified as a Schedule II controlled substances.In addition to being an effective painkiller, hydrocodone has some cough suppressant (antitussive) properties and is a component of some prescription cold and cough formulations. Prescribed as tablets or oral solution, hydrocodone products are intended for oral administration, but some may attempt to misuse them by snorting, smoking, or injecting the drug. Nearly 3 percent of high school seniors reported misusing Vicodin (hydrocodone/acetaminophen) in 2015.
The DEA warns that hydrocodone is one of the drugs most frequently involved in prescription opioid overdose deaths, and it is considered highly addictive.
Morphine is a natural opiate alkaloid derived directly from the opium poppy plant. Pharmaceutical morphine is used as a narcotic analgesic for both acute and chronic pain management, and also to provide sedation before surgical procedures. Morphine continues to be one of the most widely utilized pain medications in hospital settings, where it was once administered almost entirely as an injectable solution.
Today, it is available in other forms, including both immediate- and extended-release tablets, oral solutions, and rectal suppositories. Those dependent on morphine may prefer to inject the drug as it provides a more rapid onset of effects than taking it orally.
Morphine typically remains active in the bloodstream for 4-6 hours, and dependence can develop rapidly. The Global Information Network about Drugs (GINAD) reports that between 1990 and 2010, the US consumed over half of the world’s morphine, and an estimated 10 percent of Americans have abused an opioid drug (including morphine) at least one time in their lives. Many synthetic and semisynthetic narcotics are derived from morphine.
Another Schedule II narcotic opioid, hydromorphone available as an injectable solution, an oral solution, and as both immediate release and controlled release tabs. According to the DEA, there were close to 4 million prescriptions dispensed for hydromorphone products.
Though indispensable as a powerful agent for pain control in hospitals and other clinical settings, hydromorphone is commonly diverted after being obtained through “doctor shopping,” forged prescriptions, questionable prescribers, and pharmacy and nursing home theft. When misused, people may attempt to smoke, snort, or inject the crushed tablets. It is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine that is very potent, highly addictive, and has a high potential for overdose when abused. The Drug Abuse Warning Network estimated that, in 2011, nearly 20,000 people received care in an emergency department (ED) for the misuse of hydromorphone.
Fentanyl is prescribed to treat chronic and severe pain in those who are tolerant to opioids. Fentanyl is a Schedule II drug that is 50-100 times more potent than morphine.
The DEA reports that 6.5 million prescriptions for fentanyl were dispensed in 2015. Fentanyl is available as lozenges, sublingual tablets, buccal tablets, as well as metered nasal and sublingual sprays. It may be abused by freezing and cutting up the patches to suck or chew on them, or by scraping the gel off for injecting or oral ingestion.
The drug is capable of eliciting an intense and rapid rush of euphoria, making it extremely addictive. Due to its small molecular size, fentanyl is able to be absorbed through the skin on contact and can be lethal in relatively small doses due to its potent effects.
When extracted from the opium poppy, codeine can be used to directly manufacture pharmaceutical formulations for prescription use. However, much of the codeine used for medicinal use is actually manufactured using a synthetic process that relies on morphine as a chemical building block. In the United States, codeine is only available in generic form or in combination products, such as Tylenol with codeine (e.g., Tylenol 3).
Around 10,000 people received emergency care for misusing codeine in 2011, according to the DAWN report. It is generally thought to be less addictive and habit-forming than more potent narcotics; however, it still carries a risk for abuse, dependence, addiction, and overdose.
Methadone is one of the longer acting opioid agonists, staying active in the bloodstream for close to a full day, meaning that it can be prescribed in lower doses less often in order to keep opioid withdrawal symptoms at bay. Methadone is still an opioid agonist drug though; therefore, it does have the potential to be abused and also lead to the development of physical dependence and addiction. More than 66,000 people were treated in EDs for the misuse of methadone in 2011, per the DAWN report. It is also one of the most common drugs found in prescription opioid overdose fatalities.
Even when taking Demerol as directed and with a necessary prescription, a person can become dependent on it and suffer withdrawal symptoms when the drug wears off. When physical dependence becomes significantly severe, it can become difficult to stop taking Demerol, which may lead to continued, compulsive misuse and addiction.
Meperidine may be prescribed as a tablet or syrup. In cases of significant physiological dependence, people may benefit from a slow tapering and other medical detox interventions to avoid severe withdrawal at the start of the recovery period.
Opana is a powerful painkiller for the treatment of severe pain. It is usually prescribed when alternative treatments are ineffective or when a person is already tolerant to other opioids. It is roughly twice as powerful as OxyContin, and its maker, Endo Pharmaceuticals, reported nearly $400 million in sales in 2011.
In 2010, OxyContin was reformulated to make it more difficult to misuse, and this change may have actually opened the door to the abuse of Opana. At the time, the extended-release tablet form of Opana (now discontinued) could be crushed and then snorted or injected for an intense high. In 2012, Opana was itself reformulated to deter abuse. While the new coating did decrease the rate of intranasal abuse of Opana, it is still possible to crush and inject the drug. Repeated oxymorphone use can easily lead to physical dependence, and it is extremely addictive.
Tramadol has generally been considered to have a relatively low abuse and dependence potential, the Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry reports; however, the DEA classified tramadol as a controlled substance in 2014, as over 3 million Americans were reported to have abused it in their lifetime by the year 2012. Tramadol is most often abused by people who are opioid-dependent already, by healthcare providers, and by chronic pain sufferers. While it may be less addictive than other opioid narcotic drugs, it still may lead to physical dependence and addiction, especially when misused.
A fentanyl analog, carfentanil is a powerful opioid narcotic developed for use in veterinary medicine as a general anesthetic for large animals. This so-called “elephant tranquilizer” is roughly 100 times more potent than fentanyl, 5,000 times more potent than heroin, and as much as 10,000 times more potent than morphine, the DEA warned in a 2016 alert to the public and police in response to the increasingly common presence of carfentanil in illicit drug samples.
The drug is often encountered in a form that may resemble powdered heroin or cocaine, but it is much more dangerous and may be lethal in exceedingly small doses. It may be being added to heroin, used to “cut” or stretch the drug, or passed off as a different drug. In addition to having a very high potential for fatal overdose, it is also highly addictive.
Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist used as an analgesic as well as an FDA-approved treatment medication for opioid dependence. It is available in different forms under brand names such as Buprenex, Butrans, and Probuphine. In combination with the opioid antagonist drug naloxone, buprenorphine is available as Suboxone, Zubsolv, and Bunavail.
In 2012, more than 9 million buprenorphine prescriptions were dispensed in the United States. Though widely used as a treatment medication for managing opioid dependence, it may still be abused and has some dependence liability of its own.
The introduction of naloxone in combination products was made to deter some of the inherent abuse potential or buprenorphine, as naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug. The naloxone component is poorly absorbed when used orally, allowing the buprenorphine component to remain active when taken as directed for therapeutic use. However, when buprenorphine combination products are intentionally misused via injection routes, the naloxone effectively blocks some of the opioid effects, and can furthermore precipitate the immediate onset of uncomfortable opioid withdrawal symptoms.
Despite the progress made with the safeguards of the combination products, some forms of buprenorphine are still abused. The DAWN report includes an estimate of more than 20,000 people receiving ED treatment for buprenorphine abuse in 2011.
Narcotic drugs can be incredibly dangerous and have a high risk for potentially life-threatening overdose. More than 42,000 opioid-related deaths were reported in the United States in 2016, amounting to more than 66% of all drug overdose deaths that year. In addition to the undeniable risk of overdose, chronic opioid misuse can lead you or a loved one toward a compulsive cycle of physical dependence, withdrawal, and other opioid addiction associated health effects.
Early intervention is key, as overdose is preventable, and opioid addiction is treatable. There are several things to watch out for when abuse of a narcotic is suspected, such as:
Narcotic drug abuse and addiction are treatable with behavioral therapies, counseling services, medications, detox services, and supportive care. There are many different forms of treatment available to choose from; the key is to reach out for help as soon as possible.
Abortifacient Agents (17)
Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal (13) • Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity. MeSH
Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal (3) • Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity. MeSH
Acaricides (7) • A pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. This is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators. MeSH
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors (1) • Compounds that bind to and inhibit the enzymatic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenases. MeSH
Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors (3)
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (0) see Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Acid Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors (0) see Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors
Acid Sensing Ion Channel Blockers (2) • A subclass of sodium channel blockers that are specific for ACID-SENSING SODIUM CHANNELS. MeSH
Action Diuretics (1)
Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists (3) • Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists (4) • Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists (9) • Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonists (0) see Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists
Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonists (0) see Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists
Adenosine A2B Receptor Agonists (0) see Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists
Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonists (0) see Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists
Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists (1)
Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors (8) • Drugs that inhibit ADENOSINE DEAMINASE activity. MeSH
Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Antagonists (0) see Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists
Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors (3) • Compounds that bind to and inhibit the action of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. MeSH
Adhesives (2)
Adjuvants, Anesthesia (21) • Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage. MeSH
Adjuvants, Immunologic (129) • Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity. MeSH
Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic (2) • Agents that aid or increase the action of the principle drug (DRUG SYNERGISM) or that affect the absorption, mechanism of action, metabolism, or excretion of the primary drug (PHARMACOKINETICS) in such a way as to enhance its effects. MeSH
Adrenal Cortex Hormones (53)
Adrenal Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors (0) see Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors
Adrenergic Agents (281) • Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. MeSH
Adrenergic Agonists (109) • Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. MeSH
Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists (8) • Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists (18) • Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists (21) • Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists (6) • Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists (53) • Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors. MeSH
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists (67) • Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma. MeSH
Adrenergic Antagonists (134) • Drugs that bind to but do not activate ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE. MeSH
Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists (6) • Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-1 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists (10) • Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-1 RECEPTORS. Play store for windows 7. MeSH
Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists (17) • Compounds bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists (1) • Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists (5) • Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS. MeSH
Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists (1)
Adrenergic beta-Agonists (61) • Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors. MeSH
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists (75) • Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. MeSH
Adrenergic Effect (0) see Adrenergic Agents
Adrenergic Neurohumor Depleters (0) see Adrenergic Agents
Adrenergic Neuron Agents (0) see Adrenergic Agents
Adrenergic Release Inhibitors (0) see Adrenergic Agents
Adrenergic Synthesis Inhibitors (0) see Adrenergic Agents
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors (32) • Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. MeSH
Aerosol Propellants (1) • Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES; CARBON DIOXIDE; FLUOROCARBONS; NITROGEN; and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) MeSH
Affinity Labels (40) • Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids. MeSH
Agglutinins (1)
Aggregation Inhibitors (1)
Agrochemicals (7)
Air Pollutants (15) • Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS. MeSH
Air Pollutants, Environmental (0) see Air Pollutants
Air Pollutants, Occupational (4) • Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation. MeSH
Air Pollutants, Radioactive (1) • Pollutants, present in air, which exhibit radioactivity. MeSH
Alcohol Deterrents (6) • Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism. MeSH
Aldosterone Antagonists (2) see Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
Alkylating Agents (73) • Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. MeSH
alpha-Cysteine Protease Inhibitors (0) see Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors
alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors (0) see Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors
Alpha-Neurotoxins (0) see Neurotoxins
Amebicides (13) • Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal. MeSH
Amines, Sympathomimetic (0) see Sympathomimetics
Amphiphilic Agents (0) see Surface-Active Agents
Ampholytes (0) see Buffers
Amylin Mimetics (0) see Amylin Receptor Agonists
Amylin Receptor Agonists (1) • Compounds that stimulate the activity of AMYMIN RECEPTORS. Included under this heading is the endogenous form of ISLET AMYLOID POLYPEPTIDE and synthetic compounds that mimic its effect. MeSH
Anabolic Agents (27) • These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power. MeSH
Anabolic Effect (0) see Anabolic Agents
Analeptics (0) see Central Nervous System Stimulants
Analgesics (443) • Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS. MeSH
Analgesics, Anti-Inflammatory (0) see Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic (295) • A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS. MeSH
Analgesics, Opioid (75) • Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS. MeSH
Androgen Antagonists (18) • Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens. MeSH
Androgen Effect (0) see Androgens
Androgen Receptor Antagonists (2)
Androgen Synthesis Inhibitors (0) see Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors
Androgens (12) • Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power. MeSH
Anesthetic Effect (0) see Anesthetics
Anesthetic Gases (0) see Anesthetics, Inhalation
Anesthetics (91) • Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. MeSH
Anesthetics, Combined (4) • The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form. MeSH
Anesthetics, Dissociative (4) • Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) MeSH
Anesthetics, General (30)
Anesthetics, Inhalation (11) • Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173) MeSH
Anesthetics, Intravenous (19) • Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174) MeSH
Anesthetics, Local (38) • Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate. MeSH
Anesthetics, Topical (0) see Anesthetics, Local
Angiogenesis Factor Inhibitors (0) see Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents (2)
Angiogenesis Inhibitors (31) • Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels. MeSH
Angiogenesis Modulating Agents (31)
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers (22) • Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS. MeSH
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers (2) • Agents that antagonize the ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 2 RECEPTOR. MeSH
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (27)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (51) • A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. MeSH
Anion Exchange Resins (3) • High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional cationic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions with anions. MeSH
Antacids (21) • Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. MeSH
Anthelmintics (107) • Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal. MeSH
Anti-Allergic Agents (49) • Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475) MeSH
Anti-Androgen Effect (0) see Androgen Antagonists
Anti-Angiogenesis Effect (0) see Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Anti-Anxiety Agents (91) • Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. MeSH
Anti-Anxiety Effect (0) see Anti-Anxiety Agents
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents (153) • Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade. MeSH
Anti-Arrhythmia AgentsE (1)
Anti-Asthmatic Agents (101) • Drugs that are used to treat asthma. MeSH
Anti-Bacterial Agents (471) • Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA. MeSH
Anti-Dyskinesia Agents (55) • Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias. MeSH
Anti-HIV Agents (87) • Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. MeSH
Anti-Infective Agents (1267) • Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. MeSH
Anti-Infective Agents, Local (77) • Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. MeSH
Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary (33) • Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading. MeSH
Anti-Inflammatory Agents (349) • Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION. MeSH
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal (258) • Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. MeSH
Anti-Mycobacterial Agents (0) see Anti-Bacterial Agents
Anti-Obesity Agents (28) • Agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. Beta-adrenergic agents and serotoninergic drugs have been experimentally used in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to treat obesity. MeSH
Anti-Retroviral Agents (102)
Anti-Rheumatic Agents, Non-Steroidal (0) see Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Anti-Ulcer Agents (79) • Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief. MeSH
Antibiotics (0) see Anti-Bacterial Agents
Antibiotics, Antifungal (10) see Antifungal Agents
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Antibiotics, Antineoplastic (102) • Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms. MeSH
Antibiotics, Antitubercular (11) • Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic. MeSH
Antibiotics, Cytotoxic (0) see Antibiotics, Antineoplastic
Anticarcinogenic Agents (36) • Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved. MeSH
Anticarcinogenic Effect (0) see Anticarcinogenic Agents
Anticestodal Agents (5) • Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals. MeSH
Anticholesteremic Agents (59) • Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels. MeSH
Anticholinergic Agents (0) see Cholinergic Antagonists
Anticoagulants (85) • Agents that prevent clotting. MeSH
Anticoccidial Agents (0) see Coccidiostats
Anticonvulsants (130) • Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity. MeSH
Antidepressive Agents (105) • Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. MeSH
Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation (21) • A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake. MeSH
Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic (27) • Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system. MeSH
Antidiabetics (0) see Hypoglycemic Agents
Antidiarrheals (18) • Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. MeSH
Antidiuretic Agents (5) • Agents that reduce the excretion of URINE, most notably the octapeptide VASOPRESSINS. MeSH
Antidiuretic Effect (0) see Antidiuretic Agents
Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists (7) • Endogenous compounds and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of ANTIDUIRETIC HORMONE RECEPTORS. MeSH
Antidotes (35) • Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS. MeSH
Antiemetic Effect (0) see Antiemetics
Antiemetics (56) • Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING. MeSH
Antiepileptic Agents (0) see Anticonvulsants
Antifibrillatory Agents (0) see Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
Antifibrinolytic Agents (7) • Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders. MeSH
Antiflatulents (0) see Antifoaming Agents
Antifoaming Agents (2) • Agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat. MeSH
Antifungal Agents (153) • Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. MeSH
Antihemorrhagics (0) see Hemostatics
Antihistamines, Classical (0) see Histamine H1 Antagonists
Antihypertensive Agents (270) • Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS. MeSH
Antihyperuricemics (0) see Gout Suppressants
Antilipemic Agents (19)
Antimalarials (74) • Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585) MeSH
Antimanic Agents (6) • Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders. MeSH
Antimanic Effect (0) see Antimanic Agents
Antimetabolites (193) • Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033) MeSH
Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic (55) • Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy. MeSH
Antimitotic Agents (37) • Agents that arrest cells in MITOSIS, most notably TUBULIN MODULATORS. MeSH
Antimutagenic Agents (15) • Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved. MeSH
Antimutagenic Effect (0) see Antimutagenic Agents
Antinematodal Agents (42) • Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice. MeSH
Antineoplastic Agents (976) • Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS. MeSH
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating (47) • A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026) MeSH
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal (36) • Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079) MeSH
Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological (39)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic (68) • Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity. MeSH
Antinociceptive Agents (0) see Analgesics
Antioxidant Effect (0) see Antioxidants
Antioxidants (165) • Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. MeSH
Antiparasitic Agents (270) • Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections. MeSH
Antiparkinson Agents (50) • Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists. MeSH
Antiperistaltic Agents (0) see Antidiarrheals
Antiperspirants (2) • Agents that are put on the SKIN to reduce SWEATING or prevent excess sweating (HYPERHIDROSIS). MeSH
Antiplatelet Agents (0) see Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
Antiplatyhelmintic Agents (30) • Agents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals. MeSH
Antiprotozoal Agents (175) • Substances that are destructive to protozoans. MeSH
Antipruritics (15) • Agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus). MeSH
Antipsychotic Agents (114) • Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. MeSH
Antipsychotic Effect (0) see Antipsychotic Agents
Antipyretic Effect (0) see Antipyretics
Antipyretics (5) • Drugs that are used to reduce body temperature in fever. MeSH
Antiresorptive Agents (0) see Bone Density Conservation Agents
Antirheumatic Agents (314) • Drugs that are used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. MeSH
Antirheumatic Drugs, Disease-Modifying (0) see Antirheumatic Agents
Antischistosomal Agents (0) see Schistosomicides
Antiseptics, Urinary (0) see Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary
Antisickling Agents (6) • Agents used to prevent or reverse the pathological events leading to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions. MeSH
Antispasmodic Effect (0) see Parasympatholytics
Antispasmodics (0) see Parasympatholytics
Antispermatogenic Agents (9) • Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis. MeSH
Antispermatogenic Effect (0) see Antispermatogenic Agents
Antisyphilitic Agents (0) see Antitreponemal Agents
Antithrombins (29) • Endogenous factors and drugs that directly inhibit the action of THROMBIN, usually by blocking its enzymatic activity. They are distinguished from INDIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS, such as HEPARIN, which act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of antithrombins. MeSH
Antithrombotic Agents (0) see Fibrinolytic Agents
Antithyroid Agents (10) • Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones. MeSH
Antithyroid Effect (0) see Antithyroid Agents
Antitreponemal Agents (1) • Agents used to treat infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA. This includes SYPHILIS & YAWS. MeSH
Antitrichomonal Agents (6) • Agents used to treat trichomonas infections. MeSH
Antitubercular Agents (33) • Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: 'first-line' agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and 'second-line' drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy. MeSH
Antitussive Agents (33) • Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally. MeSH
Antiviral Agents (277) • Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. MeSH
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard (1)
Appetite Depressants (16) • Agents that are used to suppress appetite. MeSH
Appetite Stimulants (2) • Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS. MeSH
Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors (0) see Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors (0) see Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors (0) see Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Aromatase Inhibitors (10) • Compounds that inhibit AROMATASE in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones. MeSH
Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors (5) • Compounds and drugs that block or inhibit the enzymatic action of AROMATIC AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASES. Pharmaceutical agents in this category are used in conjunction with LEVODOPA in order to slow its metabolism. MeSH
Artificial Sweeteners (0) see Sweetening Agents
Aspirin-Like Agents (0) see Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Astringent Effect (0) see Astringents
Astringents (4) • Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. MeSH
Autonomic Agents (316)
Aversive Agents (1)